This error is very generic and while googling I found different issues can cause it. I was able to resolve it this particular instance by creating the folders
/tmp/.X11-unix - as root
/tmp/.ICE-unix - as user logging in
and file
/tmp/.X0-lock - as root
Which had been deleted while manually cleaning up a previous session. The statement below was also logged when this error occured but it to appears to be a generic error logged for different cases whenever a session fails.
596 Session startup failed